Civic Education in the New Era

The rise of Donald Trump and his nationalist and racist political agenda has been disturbing to many of us.   This morning, a friend asked me, “How could this happen in the United States?”

We agreed that are many contributing factors.  For the past several decades, the United States (like much of the rest of the world) has been witnessing a social transformation the likes of which few living people can recall.   Since the end of World War II, a new societal structure has gradually been taking shape.  It is global rather than national.  It is technological rather than agricultural/industrial.  Technology has made geography increasingly irrelevant, breaking down longstanding cultural/racial identities.  It is profound in its reach and depth.  In the process, it has given rise to fear, anger, and resentment on the part of many affected people.  But the question remains:  How could the United States fall victim to the radical reactionaries of the likes of Donald Trump, whose best historical antecedent may well be Adolph Hitler?

            One factor may well be that we are no longer preparing our young people—either in the public schools or in our colleges and universities—to function effectively as citizens.   Here is a personal perspective.  I was born in 1948, at the end of the old industrial period and at the beginning of the current societal transformation.   Throughout the 1950s, American education was focused on how to maintain democracy in this changing world.  This was epitomized by the Truman Commission report of 1947, which proposed outcomes for the undergraduate curriculum and standards for general education.  It guided curriculum planning through much of the Cold War.

            As a high school student in the first half of the 1960s, I benefitted from a high school social studies curriculum that reflected the Commission’s goals.  The 9^th grade social studies course was divided between a half-year of Pennsylvania history and a half-year of “civics”—which included an overview of the Constitution and the various structures of government at the state and national levels.  Tenth grade was devoted to American history.  Eleventh grade focused on world history.  And the senior year social studies class was “Problems Of Democracy,” which explained how our government worked and explored some of the major issues that American democratic institutions had dealt with in recent history.

            Unfortunately, my college experience was a bit different.   While we were offered highly interdisciplinary courses in the history of the humanities and in the biological and physical sciences, civics education was not given the same treatment.  We were left with the usual discipline-based introductory courses in sociology, history, and political science.  The distribution curriculum did not guarantee that all student were exposed to these subjects.  The discipline-based academic department structure has resisted major interdisciplinary innovations.

            Today, civics education seems to have waned even at the high school level.  Our culture has been in a period of profound change for much of the past five decades.   This year’s radicalism suggests that we need, once again, to take responsibility for the civic education of our young people and, especially, for college students who may lead our communities in the years ahead.  However, this must not be “your grandfather’s civics class.”  If we are to ensure that our communities—and our broader society—can thrive in the new environment, we need to prepare young people to live in the global, multi-cultural, technology-based society and economy that has been growing for the past half-century and that is now  blossoming around the world.

            Much has been said lately about whether our educational system is a benefit to society or simply to the individuals who learn a vocation in our schools and universities.  Now is the time to re-imagine the social role of American education and to build a new curriculum—and revitalize our institutions—to meet the needs of this new society.

           

Multi-Modal Continuing Education

This morning, the Centre Daily Times published an opinion piece  by Rob Wonderling, the chairperson of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce, in which he calls for greater attention to the needs of the rising “centennial” generation—the young people who follow the Millennials and who now make up 25 percent of the population, greater in size than the Millennials.   Part of the effort, he emphasized, must be greater attention to innovation in higher education:

We must begin now to transform Pennsylvania’s postsecondary experience into a forward-looking, technologically advanced and consumer driven system that encourages rigorous inquiry, prepares people for real-time job opportunities and serves as a means of lifelong learning.

            Wonderling chaired the Governor’s Commission on Postsecondary Education in 2012, which developed a menu of ideas for improving the role of higher education in the new society.  He lists five of those ideas in the article.  Interestingly, three of these priorities speak directly to the university’s continuing education/outreach mission:

·      A passport for lifelong learning to continually re-engage citizens who will need to refresh and update their skill sets for an ever-changing technology-driven world.

·      A 21st century innovation agenda for our commonwealth to serve as a magnet for entrepreneurs from around the globe.

·      Repositioning our public state colleges and universities to be the “go-to source” for continuing education for lifelong learning for future millennials, centennials and beyond.

            This re-confirmation of continuing education and outreach as part of the public mission of higher education is good to hear.   For well over a century, our land grant universities have been committed to public outreach and continuing education, dating back to the creation of Agricultural Extension in the late 19^th century, when the nation needed to improve agricultural production in order to fuel the combined forces of  immigration and urbanization that were essential for the country’s success in the Industrial Revolution.  Throughout my career at Penn State—dating back to the late 1960s—a strong centralized continuing education function ensured that faculty across all disciplines could innovate without financial risk to develop research transfer conferences, training and development collaborations with employers, and adult education classes both on and off campus.  Programs like Management Development Services and the Pennsylvania Technical Assistance Program (PennTAP) regularly helped businesses across the Commonwealth to train their employees and to develop new capabilities.   Continuing education also meant extending the undergraduate and graduate degree programs to adults through evening and weekend courses and—through media ranging from correspondence study to television, satellite, and, today, online learning—to homes and worksites across the country and beyond.

            Today, while much attention has shifted to online delivery, there remains a need for more traditional continuing education formats that maintain the 19^th century Agricultural Extension movement’s vision of the academic researcher working side-by-side with the farmer in his fields.  Ultimately, University outreach—whether it is traditional continuing education or technology-based outreach—must be multi-modal in order to best serve the needs of individuals and their communities.  Rob Wonderling’s call for a renewed commitment to lifelong learning reinforces the value of a strong centralized support system that helps faculty identify needs, find the program format that best respondsd to the need, and to deliver strong responses based in faculty research and teaching strengths across disciplines. 

      

“Darkness in the Valley” has arrived…

Here is my son Gregory's blog about his lateset novel, "Darkness in the Valley."  It is a prequel to his earlier populat collection, "The Uncanny Valley."

 “Darkness in the Valley” has arrived… | Author Gregory Miller

A Way Forward for Republicans

Senator Lindsay Graham's recent decision to withdraw from the Republican Presidential nomination race and, instead, support Jeb Bush suggests a way forward for the Republican party.  If the "establishment" candidates would all get together and join forces around a single candidate, the result would be a candidate who could compete with the likes of Trump and Cruz.  It seems to me that the "establishment" candidates owe it to their party to come together this way.  I am a Democrat, but I would hate to see the Republicans give themselves to the likes of Trump.

Immigration and Community

Like all Americans, I am a product of immigration across four centuries.  My paternal grandmother emigrated here from Sweden early in the 20^th century.  My maternal grandfather’s grandparents were German Catholics who came here in the mid-19^th century and helped found the local Catholic church.  My maternal grandmother’s great grandparents were Scots-Irish Presbyterians who arrived in the late 18^th century.  My father’s paternal line dates back to a German Quaker who came to Pennsylvania in the late 17^th century to help found Germantown.  In short, I am an average American, with links to different cultures, different religions, different reasons why my ancestors became Americans.

            So, I get upset when I hear the rants of Donald Trump.  No, Mr. Trump, Latin American immigrants coming in from Mexico are not mostly rapists.  No, Donald, Syrian refugees who have fled an awful civil war are not all devotees of ISIS.  No, America has not lost its greatness because we have elected, twice, our first African-American President.  In fact, we have not lost our greatness; we have just entrusted it too much to corporate greed and, in the process, lost our sense of balance.

            Yes, there are many Americans for whom social change—the new mix of cultures in America, the new international economy of which we are an important part, the shift of jobs in a post-Industrial economy—has tarnished their own cultural identity, their sense of themselves and their role in society.  It has happened before, when the Irish came and challenged the position of earlier English and German settlers and, later, when the Italians came over and challenged the Irish to working class jobs.  It is, I guess, a natural part of the process by which we become Americans that, after a couple of generations, the children of immigrants no longer see themselves as foreigners and instead look down on the newest immigrants as strangers threatening their jobs and way of life.  This, too, passes, as their children accept the children of their new neighbors as friends, lovers, spouses, co-workers, sports heroes, citizens, .

            The immigration experience is what we all have in common. While Americans cherish individuality, it is our common experience that binds us together as Americans.  It is what drives our particular brand of democracy.  Our democracy uses government to empower neighborliness amid diversity.  It is how we invest in our communities to help each other find and maintain a quality of life and to ensure that, in a democracy, all of us are positioned to help each other succeed.  That is why we pay taxes to support education at all levels.  It is why we are concerned that everyone have access to adequate health care, to a secure retirement, and, to safety in our homes and out in the streets of our community.  We invest our tax dollars to protect each other, not arming against each other, but by investing in neighborly support for our shared security.

            However, today’s challenge is greater because it is global. People feel disenfranchised here at home and fear that the United States leadership role is being challenged around the world.  It is what opens the door to politicians using xenophobia to build a sense of dread and doom in the electorate.  And that is a shameful thing for a politician to do.  True, we have much to do to recover our sense of shared community.  However, this is not a time for xenophobia.  It is not a time to pit us against each other.  Instead, it is a time to embrace our continuously expanding common heritage and to embrace the opportunity to refresh the sense of community that drives our unique, if often disorderly American democracy. 

The Future of Higher Education: A Focus on Mission

A Commitment to Mission:  The Future of Higher Education

            There has been a lot of talk lately about the future of higher education.   Dan Butin, writing in Inside Higher Education, suggests that part of the problem is that everyone seems to be focused on the impact of technology and, thus, wants to organize around “the next big thing.”  However, he notes, “Higher education is changing dramatically, from the “new student majority” of demographic shifts to the changing nature of faculty work and contingent faculty to the disinvestment of public higher education and the debtification of an entire generation of low- and middle-income students. But these are not problems that have been caused by or will be solved by technology. These changes have been thirty-plus years in the making.”  He argues that we need to have a clear view that technology is about transmitting information, leaving it to the university to help students learn to transform information into knowledge.  “This,” he writes,  “would require a fundamental rethinking of what faculty do, of what students learn and how they document such learning, and what goals we want them to accomplish through such learning.”

            Earlier this year, in The Chronicle Terry Eagleton described “the slow death of the university as a center of humane critique,” which he saw as being largely rooted in the university’s capitulation “to the hard-faced priorities of global capitalism.”  One symptom is the death of traditional academic governance, where the faculty determine the curriculum and academic policies. With the creation of academic administration as a career, he notes,  “professors are transformed into managers, so students are converted into consumers.”  Addressing the longstanding tension between the University as a “public good” versus a “private good,” Eagleton writes:

Education should indeed be responsive to the needs of society. But this is not the same as regarding yourself as a service station for neocapitalism. In fact, you would tackle society’s needs a great deal more effectively were you to challenge this whole alienated model of learning. Medieval universities served the wider society superbly well, but they did so by producing pastors, lawyers, theologians, and administrative officials who helped to sustain church and state, not by frowning upon any form of intellectual activity that might fail to turn a quick buck.

            Noam Chomsky sounded a similar note in 2014 

when he described the emergence of a business model within higher education that created layers of professional, career administrators while making faculty more vulnerable by increasing the use of adjuncts and, at the same time, keeping the student body burdened by debit and, thus, less likely to repeat the student activism of the 1960s.

            Chomsky describes two basic models of higher education that have been discussed since the Enlightenment.  One is what he calls the “empty vessel” approach of knowledge transfer, what we might today call “teaching to the test.”  The other, which, Chomsky notes, was the preferred model over the past three centuries . . .

. . . was described as laying out a string along which the student progresses in his or her own way under his or her own initiative, maybe moving the string, maybe deciding to go somewhere else, maybe raising questions. Laying out the string means imposing some degree of structure. So an educational program, whatever it may be, a course on physics or something, isn’t going to be just anything goes; it has a certain structure. But the goal of it is for the student to acquire the capacity to inquire, to create, to innovate, to challenge—that’s education. 

            Higher education has suffered over the past two decades due in part to the disruptive change that technology and globalization has inspired around the world.  Certainly, one reason is that American public colleges and universities—their mission and their products and services—are a product of the Industrial Revolution; it is only natural that we should refresh the vision of higher education to meet the needs of this new social and economic context in which education operates and, at the same time, protect it from dangers in this new environment that threaten the fundamental purposes of higher education.

            Public higher education emerged as a response to a complex societal need in the 19^th century:  to facilitate the massive immigration and urbanization that accompanied the Industrial Revolution, and to provide the new skills that society needed to succeed in the new environment.  Among the results:

·      A national network of teacher colleges

·      New undergraduate and graduate programs in professions like engineering, science, and business

·      New disciplines—sociology and social psychology among them—that produced new knowledge and professionals to address social issues arising from urbanization and the new community dynamics brought about by immigration and industrialization.

·      A commitment to social engagement, reflected most obviously in the Agricultural Extension movement in every state but also including “general extension”—also called continuing education, outreach, and engagement—that addressed ongoing educational needs of communities and the professions.

·      Distance education—originally in the form of correspondence study—designed to make rural life more sustainable and to help improve agricultural production to  support urbanization.

·      A broad commitment to practical, applied research across all disciplines.

·      New degree programs—ranging from associate degrees to professional master and doctoral degrees.

            The questions today are: (1) What new societal needs are arising from the Information Revolution?  And (2) What must higher education do to address these new needs?  Some thoughts follow:

New Social Needs

            The Information Revolution is making several significant changes to society, which should drive planning for colleges and universities.   Three issues stand out as being at the same scale as those that defined the university in the industrial period:

1.            Technology has changed the nature of “community” itself.  In the agricultural and industrial ages, “community” a shared physical proximity was basic to the definition of a community.   Community was the shared inter-relationships of people who share a physical space.  Today, however, technology has reduced—and in some casers eliminated—physical co-location as a requirement of community.  We maintain work and social relationships with colleagues who live far away.  We work from home offices.  We purchase essentials online.  We are just beginning to comprehend how this new social structure—a combination of physical and virtual communities—affects the individual’s role as a member of political, social, professional, and spiritual communities.  The supply chain for many products is now international.  Even the help desks that we call when a product doesn’t work may be in India or elsewhere.  In the industrial era, immigration drove the economy, and this drove educational change.  In the information era, people need not necessarily move to the United States in order to participate in what is now a global manufacturing economy.  The need for American workers and professionals in the new economy is to be able to work effectively with colleagues from multiple cultures who remain in their own culture. The implications cut across the three-part mission of higher education.

2.            Our citizens are living longer lives.  We need to train citizens for their “third act”—to make constructive contributions to their communities, both local and global.  Higher education must not focus solely or even primarily on high school graduates, but must be there to help them through all three stages:  first professions, career changes, and the often voluntary contributions that retired adults can make to their communities.  At each stage, we also need to ensure that education is not just vocational training, but helps students at all three stages find satisfaction in individual and community roles.

3.            We are at the threshold of major climate change in our world.  The coming decades will see dramatic impact on coastal communities and on worldwide agriculture.  Just as our land grant universities helped to support industrial urbanization and immigration by focusing on agricultural production in the midst of the Industrial Revolution, we now need to conduct research and prepare society for the implications of climate change.  Those implications include massive migrations within and between nations as populations move away from coastal flooding; significant changes in agricultural productivity that could lead to large-scale food shortages; and the need to find new sources of energy.  In the process, climate change will put stress on national and international social and political institutions and processes and will require new social service professionals.    Higher education’s response to climate change will require new emphases in research, the development of new curricula to prepare professionals and the population as a whole to deal with migration and other issues, and new partnerships between institutions to share faculty, and to conduct collaborative research across political, social and climate frontiers.  Increasingly, international institutional partnerships will be needed to help institutions address issues that affect their local communities.

            Ultimately, however, the future of higher education rests in accepting the fact that higher education institutions are not corporations.  Colleges and universities are not companies.  They are complex social organizations that have developed to meet the needs of the societies in which they operate.  They depend on a commitment to ideals, like shared governance, to ensure that the delicate balance between individual faculty expertise and organizational commitments is maintained so that the institution can serve society.   Universities cannot allow themselves to become simply the training arm and private laboratory of commercial interests.  Their commitment must be to the broader society.

            Only this commitment—supported by the effective use of technology to engage communities and facilitate collaboration across institutions—will allow higher education to translate goals that both Eagleton and Chomsky describe into practice in the Information Society.

A Lesson from John Steinbeck

In this political year, immigration has become a global concern.  The combination of civil war and ideological revolt in the Middle East has created a massive migration of families from Syria and elsewhere to Europe and, to a lesser degree, North America.  Meanwhile, in the U.S. presidential campaigns—which have been underway well before the first primary elections next year—candidates on both sides, but especially conservatives, have made illegal immigration a major campaign issue.   One, Donald Trump, has promised to build a wall between the United States and Mexico and to round up and deport some 12 million immigrants.  In a Republican “debate” on November 10, he cited Dwight Eisenhower’s deportation of a million immigrants in the 1950s.  The next morning’s Washington Post  noted that the number may have been closer to 250,000 and that Trump failed to note that many were left to die in the Mexican deserts. 

            In his 1966 book, America and Americans*, John Steinbeck noted that immigration has been an issue for the country since its earliest days.  He noted that the first European immigrants “worked for it, fought for it, and died for it.  They stole and cheated and double-crossed for it.”   In the process, “every single man in our emerging country was out for himself against all others—for his safety, his profit, his future.”  This became part of our culture, “yet in one or two, certainly not more than three generations, each ethnic group has clicked into place in the union without losing the pluribus.”

            “From the first,” he wrote, “we have treated our minorities abominably, the way the old boys do the new kids in school.  All that was required to release this mechanism of oppression and sadism was that the newcomers be meek, poor, weak in numbers, and unprotected.”  He adds that this may be one reason why ethnic minorities blended into the American mainstream culture so quickly.

            However, Steinbeck also notes that, as new ethnic groups settled in, something happened:  “Despite the anger, the contempt, the jealousy, the self-imposed ghettos and segregation, something was loose in this land called America.  Its people were Americans.  The new generations wanted to be Americans more than they wanted to be Poles or Germans or Hungarians or Italians or British.  They wanted this and they did it.  America was not planned; it became.”

            Steinbeck called this chapter E Pluribus Unum—out of many, one.  He noted that, regardless of their ethnic backgrounds, most Americans are easily recognized as Americans when they travel overseas.  “Somewhere,” he wrote, “there is an American look.  I don’t know what it is, and foreigners cannot describe it, but it is there.”

            This season’s political gambit is to use illegal immigration as a rallying point for voters who feel they have lost power.  It reminds me of how the Nazis used Jews to taunt Germans dispossessed by their country’s treatment after World War I.  Given that we are on the brink of what may well be a global migration, fueled by civil strife, religious intolerance and, ultimately, climate change that will wipe out coastal communities, I would rather take my lesson from Steinbeck.  “E Pluribus Unum,” he wrote, “is a fact.”

           

*Steinbeck, J. America and Americans and Selected Nonfiction.  New York: Viking Penguin, 2002.