In Tom Wolfe’s 2000 essay
collection, Hooking Up, he describes
the impact of science on our understanding of human behavior. He quotes Frederich Nietzsche’s famous
“God is dead” as one example of how science—and social philosophy—killed our
reverence for the unknown. Wolfe goes
on to explore the impact of Nietzsche’s statement on our own culture at the
turn of the new millennium.
Writing in 1882 during a time of relative peace in Europe, Nietzsche warned: “The story I have to tell is the
history of the next two centuries.”
What Nietzsche predicted, Wolfe notes, is that “. . . the twentieth century would be a century
of ‘wars such as have never happened on earth,’ wars catastrophic beyond all
imagining” (p. 98). The
reason:
Because human beings would no
longer have a god to turn to, to absolve them of their guilt; but they would
still be racked by guilt, since guilt is an impulse instilled in children when
they are very young, before the age of reason. As a result, people would loathe not only one another, but
themselves.” (ibid.)
What
happened, of course, was the Twentieth Century, a century of two World Wars,
revolutions in Russia and China, the Korean War, ideological wars in Vietnam
and the Middle East, revolutions and counter-revolutions in Africa and Latin
America, not to mention the so-called Cold War. Turns out
Nietzsche was right about that.
But
Nietzsche had a vision for the 21st century, too. In The
Will to Power, he predicted that this century—our century—would see “the
total eclipse of all values,” based on the rise of what Wolfe describes as
“barbaric nationalistic brotherhoods.”
“Nobody,” wrote Nietzsche, “should be surprised when . . . brotherhoods
with the aim of robbery and exploitation of the nonbelievers . . . appear the
arena of the future.”
Certainly,
the Nazis and Marxists of the 20th century met Nietzsche’s
description, but Nietzsche’s vision is very descriptive of what has happened so
far in this century. Al Qaeda
(which attacked New York the year after the publication of Wolfe’s essay) is
just one example. In the past few
months, we’ve seen the example of ISIS’s “convert or die” attacks in Syria and
Iraq, Russian ethic nationalism in the Ukraine, Boko Haram kidnappings of girls
in Nigeria, just to name the most obvious examples. And, we are only fourteen years into this century!
According
to Nietzsche, we can expect more.
As Wolfe paraphrases Nietzsche, we are entering “a frantic period of ‘revaluation,’ in
which people would try to find new systems of values to replace the
osteoporotic skeletons of the old.”
So
what does this mean for our generation?
If, in the 21st century, ISIS is something we can expect more
as typical than as an aberration, what strategies must we develop to maintain
our own culture?
Well,
for one thing, it means that conflicts with “barbaric nationalistic
brotherhoods” will not be war as our grandparents knew it. This is not government-versus-government
inter-national warfare. It is
likely that no peace treaties, no territorial redistributions, no economic
collaborations will settle differences and make our enemies friends and allies. In fact, while these brotherhoods
are often violent, war itself, as we typically think of it, may not be a
practical solution. As the Middle
East has demonstrated over the past century of European intervention, the
methods of war—invasion, occupation, destruction of community, etc.-- only
leave increased bitterness behind.
There is no government to accept defeat, no way for the participants to
accept the new “normal” after war.
For that matter, there is no way to judge success.
What,
then, can we do in the face of ISIS and other nationalistic brotherhoods?
First,
of course, nations need take action against violence against those who cannot
protect themselves. This is best
seen not as “war” in the traditional sense, but police action against
nongovernmental criminal organizations.
The goal should be to stop the violence and bring the guilty to justice. The process may look like war, but we
need to have a different mindset about what we are doing.
While
these police actions are needed, there is much more to be done beyond that in
order to address the underlying problems.
This requires a true coalition of interested and affected nations and
other organizations, committed to a long-term engagement to seek both political
and social solutions to the underlying issues that led to radicalism. It recognizes that these radical brotherhoods are not driven by
territory or commercial gain alone, but by a deep loss of identity—a loss of
control over their culture, their religion, and their sense of being part of a
self-sustaining community.
This, as Nietzsche wrote, leads to a radical “revaluation” as the groups
try to find a new identity.
Without these steps, we will simply see a vicious cycle of police
actions with no end in sight.
There
is a theory of social development called the “expanding communities” model. It works at both the individual level
and the societal level. The
individual level works something like this: Early on, young people identify most with their immediate family. As they grow, they begin to identify
with a broader community—the neighborhood. Being a member of a neighborhood becomes their public
identity, and the family becomes a more personal, private identity. As they grow older, youngsters may see
their membership in their school as their public identity and privatize their
neighborhood identity; then they move on to their profession as their public
identity and privatize their identity as alumni. So it goes. The
same sort of thing works at the societal level, but in broader historical terms
that define the individual’s relationship to society itself. Early in history, individuals
identified with their family or tribe.
Over time, they formed villages containing multiple tribes; their tribal
membership became a private identity as they became publically members of their
village. Then, perhaps, they
identified with their religion, with their country, or with their region, etc.
The
question today for many people—it seems to be a particular problem in the
Middle East but also in the Russian ethnic areas of the former Soviet Union—is
that civilization change—a combination of colonialism, political revolution,
international commerce, and the global information society, to name a few—has
taken away their public identity, leaving them with the ghosts of private
identities but with nothing else to give them a place in society. This is the ultimate source of ISIS.
The
challenge, then, is to help all people find an identity that allows them to be
productive members of the new global society that has arisen around them but
that does not yet include them.
This is a task that requires involvement of many different parties,
first, to understand the problem and, second, to seek cultural—and eventually
political and economic—solutions.
The
current ISIS phenomenon is a good case.
Over the past two centuries, the culture of the Middle East has been
undermined by all sorts of internal and external influences, from Napoleonic
invasions to British colonialism to the commercial exploitation of the region’s
oil reserves and the creation of a Jewish state, displacing millions of
Palestinians. Prior to
Western involvement, the Middle East had achieved a tenuous stability through
the overlapping influence of three distinct forces: several Islamic sects, cultural/ethnic groupings, and
political/military realms. Each
had its own area of influence that, often, overlapped with but did not coincide
with political borders. The
experience of the past century has upset these balances by putting the emphasis
on political/economic boundaries.
There
is little that the United States or other Western powers can do to address this
imbalance on their own. It
requires an open discussion among Middle Eastern states, religious and cultural
leaders, economists, and other governmental and nongovernmental organizations
whose activities have an impact on the issues. It is a good example of why we need a vibrant United Nations. We need to accept the reality that we
are living, essentially, between civilizations. Western civilization as many of us understand it ended with
the two world wars of the last century.
We are now living in a global economy that is still developing and has
yet to take on recognizable form as a civilization. Nietzsche’s warning is still valid. We need to find a new standard—a new
god, if you will—that will give us a moral compass in these new waters.
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